Geschlechtsunterschiede im Wahlverhalten bei Bundestagswahlen der letzten sieben Jahrzehnte. You have full access to this open access article. This article describes long-term changes in gender differences in voting behavior in Germany, using a globally unique data source: information from real ballots. Compared with self-reports in available surveys, actual votes counted by gender and age groups have three advantages: neither representativeness issues nor social desirability bias, a huge sample, and coverage of seven decades, beginning in Besides party-specific voting patterns, I analyze summary measures for gender dissimilarities, both overall and separated by age groups. The modern gender gap—women voting more left-wing than men—first appeared in Germany in the election, surprisingly late compared with previous international research. The speed and structure with which the modern gender gap grew suggest that it is due to period effects rather than cohort effects. The modern gender gap differs by age group and, in post-World War II Germany, women and men have never been as divided about politics as the youngest voters in These findings partly contrast with previous survey-based results. To explore whether this contrast stems from the smaller sample sizes of previous studies or gendered survey bias e. Findings suggest that large surveys might provide reasonable estimates at the aggregate level but might overestimate the gender gap for more radical parties such as the AfD Alternative for Germany. Dieser Beitrag untersucht Geschlechterunterschiede im Wahlverhalten anhand einer weltweit einzigartigen Datenquelle: Informationen aus repräsentativ ausgewählten, abgegebenen Stimmzetteln bei deutschen Bundestagswahlen. Ich untersuche Veränderungen in den Wahlmustern auf Parteiebene, auf Aggregatsebene und differenziere nach Altersgruppen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der moderne Gender Gap — Frauen wählen linkere Parteien als Männer — in Deutschland erstmals bei der Wahl auftrat. Vor dem Hintergrund bisheriger internationaler Forschung ist dies überraschend spät. Die Geschwindigkeit und das Muster der Veränderung legen nahe, dass es sich eher um Perioden- als um Kohorteneffekte handelt. Die Ergebnisse stehen teilweise im Gegensatz zu früheren, umfragebasierten Studien. For political parties, gender imbalances in the electorate can make gender equity more of a party-political battleground than a common goal Kaufmann and Petrocik ; Shorrocks For most potential dividing lines, such as class, religiosity, or location, people tend to stand on the same side as their partners and family. This paper traces gender gaps in voting behavior in Germany using information from the German representative election statistics, a globally unique source Kobold and Schmiedel that counts actual votes cast by demographics. The empirical analyses have two main parts. I also analyze trends in the aggregate measures by age groups. Findings from these analyses partly contrast with those of previous international survey-based studies. The second part compares results from real ballots with estimates from survey data to explore potential methodical reasons for the discrepancy. I offer three main contributions to the literature. First, the much larger sample than those of previous studies allows for precise estimates, even at the age group and party levels. Second, whereas relevant surveys started in the s or later Inglehart and Norristhe data source here enables analyses of behavioral change since the s. Finally, previous studies relied on self-reports from surveys. The data on actual voting behavior I analyze rule out issues of selective participation and social desirability bias, which is frequently observed in political polls Stout et al. In Germany, for example, people more often vote for the radical right-wing AfD Alternative for Germany than they admit in surveys Gschwend et al. If the degree or direction of social desirability bias differs between women and men, this may bias estimates of gender gaps Hebert et al. This study thus calculates gender gaps that are free from such bias and, by comparing real ballots with surveys, further tests whether survey data are generally suitable for studying political gender gaps. It is well documented that women tended to report more conservative voting and more right-wing ideological self-placement in most 100 percent free germany dating sites countries during the s and s Dassonneville ; Norris and Inglehart Today and in many countries, women report more left-wing positions than men, concerning both self-reported voting behavior and self-placement on left—right scales. In the USA, women increasingly favored the Democratic over the Republican party as early as the s Box-Steffensmeier et al. In the s, women in most Western societies placed themselves more to the left of the political spectrum and reported more left-wing voting than men Abendschön and Steinmetz ; Giger ; Norris and Inglehart In the most thorough available study on ideological self-placement, Dassonneville combines information from different international surveys and confirms the move toward the modern gender gap for the majority of OECD countries. In that study, Germany represents the average OECD pattern well, with women having placed themselves more to the left than men since the s. One previous study from Austria analyzed changes in gendered voting using real ballots and found that women had been voting more left-wing since the s Koeppl-Turyna However, this study is limited in scope because it 100 percent free germany dating sites analyzes municipal elections in one specific urban area until Of course, this list of potential explanations does not claim to be exhaustive. Most Western societies have experienced secularization and declines in religiosity, which resulted in weakened church—party linkages Norris and Inglehart Women have been, on average, more religious Starkand the decline in religiosity may weaken the pull toward religiously oriented parties, which was particularly strong among women. Consider a low-earner who is married to a very high-earner.
These surveys of academic experts have been widely used Laver and judged to be valid and reliable for Germany Bakker et al. The Left was more popular among the youngest female voters, but gender-balanced to more popular with men in the other age groups. Median mobile internet connection speed via cellular networks: Annual Review of Sociology 35 1 — Indeed, people more often vote for the populist right-wing AfD than they admit in surveys Gschwend et al.
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